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THE ROLE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MSX2 AND DLX5 IN CALVARIAL BONE AND SUTURE DEVELOPMENT

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Abstract

µÎ°³ºÀÇÕºÎÀÇ Á¶±âÀ¶ÇÕÀ¸·Î ÀÏÄþîÁö´Â Craniosunostosis´Â µÎ°³ºÀÇպο¡¼­ÀÇ °ñ¾Æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ Á¶±âºÐÈ­ ¹× ¼®È¸È­ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¼±Ãµ¼º ¹ßÀ°ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù À¯ÀüÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé homeobox geneÀÎ Msx2ÀÇ º¯ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Boston-type craniosynostosis°¡ ¾ß±âµÇ¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ Dlx5 homozygote mutant mouseÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÇü¿¡¼­ µÎ°³°ñÀÇ °ñÈ­Áö¿¬À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ µÎ°³¾È¸éºÎÀ§ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ Msx2¿Í Dlx5 homeodomain proteinÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼º¼÷°ñ¾Æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ Ç¥ÁöÀÚÀÎ osteocalcinÀÇ Àü»ç¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ °á°úµéÀº Msx2, Dlx5¹× osteocalcin À¯ÀüÀÚµéÀÌ µÎ°³°ñÀÇ °ñÈ­°úÁ¤°ú µÎ°³ºÀÇÕºÎÀÇ ÇüŹ߻ý¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» Á¦½ÃÇØÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
µÎ°³°ñÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú µÎ°³ºÀÇÕºÎÀÇ ÇüŹ߻ý½Ã ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚµéÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº¸±âÀ§ÇØ mouseÀÇ Å»ý±â(E15-El8) µ¿¾È osteocalcin, Msx2, ¹× Dlx5 À¯ÀüÀÚµéÀÇ ¹ßÇö¾ç»óÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. OsteocalcinÀº E15ºÎÅÍ µÎÁ¤°ñÀÇ °ñ¸·¿¡¼­ °üÂûµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹ß»ý½Ã±â°¡ ÈıâÀϼö·Ï °­ÇÑ ¹ßÇö¾ç»óÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù. Msx2´Â ½Ã»óºÀÇÕºÎÀÇ ¹ÌºÐÈ­°£¿±Á¶Á÷°ú osteogenic Front¼­ °­ÇÏ°Ô ¹ßÇöµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç °æ¸·°ú hair follicle¿¡¼­µµ °üÂûµÇ¾ú´Ù. Dlx5´Â osteogenic front¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ µÎÁ¤°ñÀÇ °ñ¸·¿¡¼­ °­ÇÏ°Ô ¹ßÇöµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª ½Ã»óºÀÇÕºÎÀÇ ¹ÌºÐÈ­°£¿±Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­´Â ¹ßÇöµÇÁö¾Ê¾Æ, Msx2¿Í´Â ¹ßÇö¾ç»óÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù.
µÎ°³°ñ°ú µÎ°³ºÀÇÕºÎÀÇ ¹ßÀ°°úÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ Msx2¿Í Dlx5ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» Á»´õ ½Éµµ±í°Ô ºÐ¼®Çϱâ À§ÇØ, ¿©·¯ °¡Áö signaling moleculeµéÀÇ proteinÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© in vitro ½ÇÇèÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. BMP-2, -4 proteinÀÇ overexpressionÀº bead ÁÖÀ§·Î Msx2 À¯ÀüÀÚÀÇ ¹ßÇöÀ» À¯µµÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ´Ù¸¥ TGF¥â superfamilyÀÎ TGF¥â1, GDF-6,-7 beadµé ÁÖÀ§·Î´Â Msx2¸¦ °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ FGF, Shh protein ¿ª½Ã beadÁÖÀ§·Î Msx2ÀÇ ¹ßÇöÀ» À¯µµÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ôµµ BMP-2, -4 proteinÀÇ overexpressionÀº bead ÁÖÀ§·Î Dlx5 À¯ÀüÀÚÀÇ ¹ßÇöÀ» À¯µµÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ´Ù¸¥ TGF¥â superfamily, FGF, Shh beadÁÖÀ§·Î´Â Dlx5¸¦ °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾î, Msx2¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ °á°úµéÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇغ¼ ¶§, Msx2¿Í Dlx5 À¯ÀüÀÚ´Â µÎ°³°ñ°ú µÎ°³ºÀÇÕºÎÀÇ ¼ºÀå¹ßÀ°°úÁ¤¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, BMP signalingÀº ÀÌ µÎ Àü»çÁ¶ÀýÀÎÀÚµéÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ¹Ç·Î½á µÎ°³°ñÀÇ °ñÈ­°úÁ¤°ú µÎ°³ºÀÇÕºÎÀÇ ÇüŹ߻ý ¹× À¯Áö¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» Á¦½ÃÇØÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ BMP signaling¿¡ specific downstream geneÀÎ Msx2 ¹× Dlx5ÀÇ ¹ßÇö¾ç»óÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â °ñ¾Æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ºÐÈ­½Ã À̵é À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ °¢°¢ÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇØÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Craniosynostosis, known as a premature fusion of cranial sutures, is a developmental disorder characterized by precocious differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts in the calvarial sutures. Recent genetic studies have demonstrated that mutation in the homeobox gene Msx2 causes Boston-type human craniosynostosis. Additionally, the phenotype of Dlx5 homozygote mutant mouse presents craniofacial abnormalities including a delayed ossification of calvarial bone. Furthermore transcription of osteocalcin, a mature osteoblast marker, is reciprocally regulated by the homeodomain proteins Msx2 and Dlx5. These facts suggest important roles of osteocalcin, Msx2 and Dlx5 genes in the calvarial bone growth and suture morphogenesis.
To elucidate the function of these molecules in the early morphogenesis of mouse cranial sutures, we have first analyzed by in situ hybridization the expression of osteocalcin, Msx2 and Dlx5 genes in the developing parietal bone and sagittal suture of mouse calvaria during the embryonic (E15-E18) stage. Osteocalcin mRNA was found in the periosteum of parietal bones from E15, and gradually more highly expressed with aging. Msx2 mRNA was intensely expressed in the sutural mesenchyme, osteogenic fronts and mildly expressed in the dura mater during the embryonic stage. Dlx5 mRNA was intensely expressed osteogenic fronts and the periostem of parietal bones. To further examine the upstream signaling molecules of transcription factor Msx2 and Dlx5, we have done in vitro experiments in E15.5 mouse calvarial explants. Interestingly, implantation of BMP2-, BMP4-soaked beads onto the osteogenic fronts after 48 hours organ culture induced etopic expressions of Msx2 and Dlx5 genes. On the other hand, overexpression of TGF/31, GDF-6, -7, FGF-2, -4 and Shh did not induce the expression of Msx2 and Dlx5.
Taken together, these data indicate that transcription factor Msx2 and Dlx5 play critical roles in the calvarial bone and suture development, and that BMP signaling is involved in the osteogenesis of calvarial bones and the maintenance of cranial sutures through regulating these two transcritpn factors. Furthermore, different expression patterns between Msx2 and Dlx5 suggest their specific functions in the osteoblast differentiation.

Å°¿öµå

Craniosynostosis;°ñÈ­°úÁ¤;Msx2;Dlx5;Osteocalcin;Craniosynostosis;osteogenesis;Msx2;Dlx5;Osteocalcin

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